Themes:Guilt & PTSDPsychological TraumaMemoryMoral AmbiguityThe Aftermath of War
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Key Quote

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"his blood-shadow stays on the street"

Simon Armitage · Remains

Focus: “blood-shadow

The compound metaphor 'blood-shadow' fuses the physical (blood stain) with the psychological (a shadow that follows) — the dead man's presence haunts the soldier permanently.

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Technique 1 — COMPOUND METAPHOR — 'BLOOD-SHADOW'

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Armitage's neologism (newly coined word) 'blood-shadow' fuses two images: the literal bloodstain on the road and the metaphorical shadow that follows the soldier. A shadow is inescapable — it is attached to the body, moves where the body moves, and cannot be removed. By compounding it with 'blood', Armitage suggests that the killing has become part of the soldier's identity — a permanent stain on both the street and his psyche.

The verb 'stays' is devastating in its simplicity — the blood does not wash away, fade, or disappear. It 'stays'. This monosyllabic finality contrasts with the colloquial, almost casual tone of the earlier narrative ('On another occasion, we got sent out'), revealing the rupture between the soldier's everyday language and the enormity of what he has done. The trauma cannot be processed through his available vocabulary.

Key Words

NeologismA newly coined word or expressionCompound metaphorA metaphor created by fusing two words or images togetherRuptureA sudden, violent break or disruption
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RAD — REGRESS

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The soldier regresses from a functioning person to one consumed by guilt and intrusive memories. The poem's shift from past tense narration to present tense torment ('he's here in my head when I close my eyes') shows that the trauma has collapsed time — the killing is not 'over' but perpetually happening. The soldier is trapped in a cycle of re-traumatisation with no route back to normality.

Key Words

Intrusive memoriesUnwanted, recurring mental images of a traumatic eventRe-traumatisationBeing psychologically damaged again by reliving a traumatic experience
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Technique 2 — COLLOQUIAL VOICE & TONAL SHIFT

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Armitage uses a deliberately colloquial (informal, everyday) voice: 'On another occasion, we got sent out', 'probably armed, possibly not'. The casual tone mirrors how soldiers are trained to normalise violence — the military register strips killing of emotional weight. Phrases like 'I swear' and 'sort of thing' sound like someone telling an anecdote in a pub.

The tonal shift comes in the final stanzas: 'his bloody life in my bloody hands' transforms the colloquial swear word 'bloody' into a literal description — his hands are covered in actual blood. This semantic slide (a word shifting from figurative to literal meaning) is Armitage's most powerful technique: everyday language suddenly buckles under the weight of reality, revealing that the soldier's casual facade conceals unprocessed horror.

Key Words

ColloquialInformal, everyday language used in casual conversationTonal shiftA change in the mood or emotional register of a textSemantic slideWhen a word shifts from one meaning to another (e.g., figurative to literal)
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Context (AO3)

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THE IRAQ WAR & PTSD

'Remains' is based on the testimony of Sergeant Rob Thompson, a real British soldier who served in Iraq. Armitage collected soldiers' accounts for the documentary 'The Not Dead' (2007). PTSD (Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder) — characterised by flashbacks, nightmares, and hypervigilance — affects many veterans. The poem gives voice to soldiers whose psychological injuries are invisible and often stigmatised (viewed negatively) by society.

MORAL AMBIGUITY OF MODERN WARFARE

The looted man is 'probably armed, possibly not' — the soldier will never know if he killed a combatant or a civilian. This moral ambiguity is central to modern asymmetric warfare (conflicts between conventional armies and irregular forces), where the 'enemy' is not clearly identified. Unlike traditional war poetry where the enemy is visible, Armitage's soldier is tormented not by what he saw but by what he cannot know.

Key Words

PTSDPost-Traumatic Stress Disorder — a mental health condition triggered by experiencing or witnessing terrifying eventsAsymmetric warfareConflict between forces of unequal military power, often involving guerrilla tacticsMoral ambiguityA situation where the right course of action is unclear
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WOW — THE RETURN OF THE REPRESSED (Freud)

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Armitage's poem dramatises Freud's concept of the return of the repressed — the idea that traumatic experiences, when pushed out of conscious awareness, inevitably resurface in distorted, uncontrollable forms. The soldier's casual tone in stanzas 1-4 represents repression — the deliberate suppression of emotional response. But the trauma returns: 'his bloody life in my bloody hands' erupts through the surface of his controlled narrative. The dead man 'comes back' not as a ghost but as an image the mind cannot delete — what Freud called a repetition compulsion (the unconscious drive to re-experience trauma). Armitage thus positions the poem as a kind of talking cure — the soldier is compelled to tell his story, but telling does not heal. The final word, 'remains', is itself a double entendre: both the dead man's remains (body) and what remains (what is left behind, psychologically). Language, like the soldier, is haunted.

Key Words

Return of the repressedFreud's theory that suppressed memories or feelings resurface in distorted formsRepetition compulsionThe unconscious drive to re-experience or re-enact traumatic eventsDouble entendreA word or phrase with two meanings, one of which is often hidden